Which word translates to "disease" or "illness" in Latin?

The word that translates to "disease" or "illness" in Latin is "pestis." In classical Latin literature, "pestis" is commonly used to refer to a plague or disease, encompassing both physical ailments and metaphorical references to moral or social corruption. This term has historical significance as it appears in various texts, often connected with discussions about health, the consequences of vice, or the trials of humanity.

The other options do not convey the meaning of "disease" directly. "Fames" translates to "hunger" or "famine," indicating a lack of food rather than a medical condition. "Gravidus" means "pregnant" or "heavy," relating to a state of being rather than an illness. "Dolor," while it can mean "pain" or "sorrow," does not specifically refer to a disease but rather to the sensation of discomfort or emotional distress. Thus, "pestis" is the most accurate translation for "disease" or "illness."