Which of the following best captures the meaning of "plenus" in Cicero's thought?

The term "plenus" in Cicero's writings most accurately conveys the idea of being "full" in various contexts, ranging from physical fullness to more abstract concepts such as completeness or abundance. Cicero often uses this word to discuss ideas that are richly developed or completely formed. For instance, when he speaks of a "plena vita" (a full life), he refers to a life that is rich in experience, virtue, or achievement. The nuance of "full" captures both the physical state of being filled and the metaphorical sense of completeness that Cicero frequently addresses in his philosophical discussions.

In contrast, the meanings associated with other options such as "partial," "whole," or "empty" do not encompass the essence of "plenus" as effectively. "Partial" implies a lack of completeness, "whole" might describe something that is undivided but does not carry the connotation of fullness, and "empty" is the direct opposite of what "plenus" signifies. Thus, "full" is the term that best aligns with Cicero's usage and philosophical intent.