What does "cultus" refer to in Cicero's discussions?

In Cicero's discussions, the term "cultus" primarily refers to the concept of culture, encompassing not only the cultivation of land but also the broader aspects of human development, refinement, and civilization. This includes customs, education, art, and the moral and intellectual growth of individuals and societies. Cicero often linked "cultus" to the idea of an enlightened and virtuous life, emphasizing the importance of cultural and philosophical education in the development of both the individual and the state.

The focus on culture aligns with Cicero's belief that a well-cultured citizenry is essential for a healthy republic. In this context, "cultus" serves as a foundation for discussing the responsibilities of individuals within society and the role of education and ethical living in maintaining civic virtues. Understanding "cultus" as culture rather than as family, legacy, or society highlights Cicero's emphasis on the importance of intellectual and moral development in his works.